Batteries

There are three major types of sources :

1. Batteries
2. Solar Voltaic Cell
3. Wall outlet ( we will take about it later)

Batteries :
It consist of set of voltaic cell.
Each voltaic cell consist of half cell.
Each half cell consist of electrolyte and electrode.


electrode : it just a conductive material used to make connection between nonmetallic material, in the electrochemical cell it referred to as anode (positive electrode) or cathode ( negative electrode) .

what is the difference between the anode and cathode ?
anode : is the electrode which the negative charged ions (anions) accumulate .
cathode : is the electrode which the positive charged ions (cations) accumulate.

electrolyte : it just a material contains ions so, it work as a conductive medium . It known as ionic solution but also the solid and molten electrolyte are possible .

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how does it works ?
each half cell have EMF (electromotive force) depend on the ability of the half cell to drive electric current from interior to exterior and the net EMF is the difference between each emf .This net EMF drive voltage across the two terminal measured by volts.

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Types of batteries :

• Primary batteries or Disposible batteries (cannot be recharged)
• Secondary batteries or Rechargable batteries ( can be recharged)

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Symbol in the circuit :
notice : the batteries are voltage sources.

The practical batteries in the circuit :
the internal resistance depend on the state of charge on the battery .
Rb for the fully charged battery is smaller than half or non charged batteries .